Textbooks show that in cis-1,3-disubstituted cyclohexane molecule, the conformer with the substituents in the diaxial positions is higher in energy and hence, it presents a low population in the conformational equilibrium. The diaxial conformer is destabilized by the repulsion between the substituent groups and the axial hydrogen atoms on the same side of the ring. This interaction is known as the 1,3-diaxial interaction. In this study, the solvent effect on the conformational equilibria of cis-3-N-ethylaminocyclohexanol (cis-3-EACOL) and cis-3-N,N-diethylaminocyclohexanol (cis-3-DEACOL) has been assessed through the spin-spin coupling constant (3JHH). The results show that the diaxial conformation of cis-3-EACOL decreases from 92% in CCl4 (∆Gee−aa = 1.48 kcal mol−1) to 10% in DMSO-d6 (∆Gee−aa = −1.31 kcal mol−1). For cis-3-DEACOL the diaxial conformer decreased from 36% in CCl4 (∆Gee−aa = −0.33 kcal mol−1) to 7% in Pyridine-d5 (∆Gee−aa = −1.55 kcal mol−1). The stabilization of the diaxial conformer in nonpolar solvents takes place due to the O-H···N intramolecular hydrogen bond, which overcomes the 1,3-diaxial steric interactions.

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are composed of a drug and a coformer and are currently gaining attention due to their possibility of improving drug solubility. Quantitative determination of cocrystals is usually carried out by liquid chromatography method, but an alternative for the same is derivative UV spectrophotometry. Cocrystals of lamotrigine (LAM) were formed with nicotinamide (NIC) in order to improve the solubility of LAM. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, low-cost, environment friendly, first-order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of LAM and NIC in cocrystals. Determination of LAM and NIC was performed at 244.4 and 271.6 nm, respectively. The method was accurate with recovery values of 98.21-101.52%, and precise (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 1.88%). Robustness evaluated by Plackett-Burman design showed no significant influence of the factors (pH, scanning speed, and sonication time) on LAM and NIC assays. The developed method was compared with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and applied to study the cocrystal stoichiometry and solubility. The results indicated a molar ratio of 1:1 and that the cocrystal is more soluble than the drug. This study demonstrated that the first-order derivative method is feasible for drug and coformer determination in cocrystals and is a suitable alternative to chromatographic methods.

Biochar is a rich-carbon material highly functionalized, which allows the use as electrodes modifier for preconcentration and voltammetric determination of several species. This work describes a castor cake biochar production and chemical activation with different reaction conditions using HNO3 and/or H2O2. Biochar samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman and zeta potential. Carbon paste modified electrodes (CPME) have been constructed using different biochar samples to evaluate the adsorptive capacity for the spontaneous preconcentration and voltammetric determination of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions, paraquat and methyl parathion pesticides. The activation treatments promoted modifications in the elemental, morphological and structural biochar characteristics. Activated biochar CPMEs showed increase in the current signal around 15 and 2.5 times higher than unmodified and precursor biochar electrode, respectively. N2 sample (HNO3, 60 °C for 3.0 h) presented the better response signals for all compounds. This was attributed to the more effective surface oxidation, promoting a high porosity, acid character and amount of acid functional groups. Besides that, this greater analytical response allows the CPME-N2 application as a passive sampler for the voltammetric determination of inorganic and organic contaminants for environmental management in aqueous matrices.

A method using liquid chromatography has been developed and validated for determination of buclizine in pharmaceutical formulations and in release studies. Isocratic chromatography was performed on a C18 column with methanol:water (80:20 v/v, pH 2.6) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection at 230 nm. The method was linear, accurate, precise, sensible and robust. The dissolution test was optimized and validated in terms of dissolution medium, apparatus agitation and rotation speed. The presented analytical and dissolution procedures can be conveniently adopted in the quality and stability control of buclizine in tablets and oral suspension.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de um sistema de tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura constituído de decantador e seguido de reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (reator UASB), em escala real. O reator UASB foi construído de alvenaria e concreto armado. Coletaram-se amostras do esgoto bruto e do efluente do decantador e reator UASB, e se monitoraram os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura, pH, alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis totais (AVT), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), de acordo com os métodos estabelecidos pelo Standard Methods (APHA, 1998). Os resultados médios de remoção total de DQO e de DBO foram de 93 e 92%, respectivamente. As concentrações médias de DQO, DBO e SST no efluente final foram de 0,8, 1,8 e 0,8 g L-1, respectivamente. A carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada no reator UASB variou de 1,1 a 17,5 kg DQO m-3 d-1. O sistema decantador-reator UASB apresenta-se como alternativa promissora para o tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura.

This research presents the development and evaluation of a system for treatment of swine wastewaters constituted by slat settler, followed by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, at full scale. The UASB reactor was completely made of masonry and reinforced concrete. The evaluation of the treatment system was carried out through samples collected in the influent and effluent from the settler and UASB reactor. The following parameters were analyzed: temperature, pH, alkalinity, total volatile acids (VFA), suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), according to the methods established by the Standard Methods (APHA, 1998). The mean results of COD and BOD removal were 93 and 92%, respectively. The mean concentrations of COD, BOD and TSS in the final effluent were 790, 1818 and 854 g L-1, respectively. The volumetric organic load (VOL) in the UASB reactor ranged from 1.1 to 17.5 kg COD m-3 d-1. The system slat settler-UASB reactor showed itself to be a promising alternative for the treatment of swine wastewaters.

Many routes for extracting silica from rice hulls are based on direct calcining. These methods, though, often produce silica contaminated with inorganic impurities. This work presents the study of a strategy for obtaining silica from rice hulls with a purity level adequate for applications in electronics. The technique is based on two leaching steps, using respectively aqua regia and Piranha solutions, which extract the organic matrix and inorganic impurities. The material was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis by laser diffraction (LPSA) and thermal analysis.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência de armadilhas de papel corrugado com a de armadilhas de colmo de bambu taquaril (Phyllostachys sp.) seco na captura de Dermanyssus gallinae, presentes em uma bateria de gaiolas de metal utilizadas na criação de galinhas de postura. A presença de ovos no interior de cada tipo de armadilha foi comparada por meio do teste de Qui-Quadrado e pelo intervalo de confiança para duas proporções. Os valores das somas de estágios móveis nas diferentes armadilhas a cada intervalo de tempo foram comparados utilizando-se o teste de Wilcoxon. A proporção de armadilhas contendo ovos não foi diferente nos dois tipos de armadilha (p < 0,05). O número total de estágios móveis capturados durante a coleta a cada dois dias de intervalo em cada tipo de armadilha foi diferente (p < 0,01), enquanto que as contagens, nas armadilhas de papelão, apresentaram distribuição normal e foram superiores aos valores de espécimes móveis capturados nas armadilhas de bambu.

This work aims to compare the performance of corrugated paper and "taquaril" bamboo (Phyllostachys sp.) straw traps for collecting (in sampling) Dermanyssus gallinae in a metal cages battery laying hens. The presence of eggs in the two trap models were compared using a Qui-square test and a proportion confidence interval test. Total daily values of mobile instars gathered in each type of trap were compared using the Wilcoxon's test. The amount of traps containing eggs was not different in neither of the traps (p < 0,05). The number of mobile instars sampled at every two days per trap model was different (p < 0,01). Counting in the corrugated paper traps showed a Gauss distribution histogram and was superior to the values of the bamboo straw traps.

A hiperplasia angiolinfoide (Hale e doença de Kimura são duas entidades que podem se manifestar como nódulos, placas ou pápulas, de localização predominante em face, região retroauricular e cervical. São causas raras de eosinofilia e ainda há muita discussão em torno de suas etiopatogenias. Para alguns autores trata-se de duas patologias distintas enquanto para outros são manifestações diferentes da mesma doença. O presente artigo relata o caso de um paciente asiático que apresentava história de prurido generalizado há um ano, acompanhado de pápulas em membros e nódulo de aproximadamente 5 cm de diâmetro em região retroauricular direita com aumento progressivo. O hemograma apresentava leucocitose às custas de eosinofilia. Os achados sugerem uma superposição entre as duas patologias, pois clinicamente são sugestivos de doença de Kimura, mas a histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica confirmaram a origem endotelial da lesão, sendo compatível com Hale. Os autores destacam a raridade do caso como causa de eosinofilia, assim como alertam para a dificuldade do diagnóstico e da diferenciação entre as duas patologias.

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia (Hale) and Kimura disease are two entities that can manifest as subcutaneous nodules, plaques, or papules, and the predominant localization is face, retroauricular and cervical region. They are rare causes of eosinophilia and there is discussion regarding their etiopathogenesis. Some authors propose that these two diseases are truly individual, but others say that they are separate points on a single spectrum. This article is a case report of an asian patient that showed a one year duration of generalized pruritus, with papules on the limbs and a 5 centimeter nodule on the right retroauricular region with slow progression of the size. The hemogram showed leucocitosis with eosinophilia. These findings suggest an overlap between these two diseases, they are clinically suggestive of Kimura disease diagnosis, but the histopathology with HE and immunohistochemistry confirmed the endothelial origin of the lesion that was compatible with Hale. The authors emphasize the rarity of the case as the cause of eosinophilia, also alert for the challenge of the diagnosis and distinction between these two diseases.

O presente estudo teve como proposta controlar uma infestação natural de Rhipicephalus sanguineus em um canil pertencente à Escola de Veterinária da UFMG, com uma área de 72 m² e 25 cães de diversas raças. Um teste de sensibilidade a produtos acaricidas foi aplicado em uma amostra de carrapatos capturados no canil. Dos produtos testados: Amitraz 12,5% (Produto 1); uma associação de Alfametrina 2% e Dichlorvós 60% (produto 2); Deltametrina 5% (produto 3) e uma associação de Trichlorfon 77,6%, Coumaphós 1% e Cyfluthrin 1% (produto 4); somente os produtos 1 e 4 apresentaram 100% de eficácia. O Amitraz 12,5% foi utilizado no controle dos estádios de R. sanguineus presentes no ambiente do canil, com um esquema de 4 aplicações a cada 7 dias de intervalo. Para os estádios parasitários, um único tratamento com Flumetrina 1.0% pour-on foi empregado em todos os animais. A inspeção e o monitoramento do ambiente e dos animais foram realizados durante um período de um ano. Estas medidas de controle reduziram significativamente a população de carrapatos dentro do canil. O canil não apresentou infestação pelo carrapato nos seis meses seguintes aos tratamentos. Uma infestação leve foi observada no 7º mês pós-tratamento, quando foi realizada uma nova aplicação de Amitraz 12,5% no ambiente do canil e um novo tratamento com Flumetrina 1.0% pour-on nos animais, com resultados satisfatórios.

The present work was aimed at proposing a control measure for Rhipicephalus sanguineus in a naturally infected kennel of 72 m² of the UFMG Veterinary School with 25 dogs of different breeds. A sensitivity test to acaricide products was applied in a sample of R. sanguineus. Out of the acaricide products tested: 12.5% Amitraz (product 1); 2% Alfamethrin and 60% Dichlorvos association (product 2); 5% Deltamethrin (product 3) and the association between 77.6% Trichlorfon, 1.0% Coumaphos and 1.0% Cyfluthrin (product 4); only 1 and 4 products showed 100% efficacy. Amitraz (12.5%) was used for controlling R. sanguineus in the surrounding of the kennel, on which four treatments every seven days were carried out in the facilities. For parasitic R. sanguineus, a single topical treatment was used: Flumetrin 1.0% pour - on on all the 25 dogs. This control measure significantly reduced the population of R. sanguineus within the kennel. A slight infestation was observed in the seventh month after treatment. A new application of 12.5% Amitraz was done in the kennel as well as a new topical treatment with Flumetrin 1.0% pour - on on the dogs. The control procedure proposed in the present study was an emergency measure and its effectiveness was checked through environmental surveys throughout a one-year period.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de um programa de controle estratégico de Amblyomma cajennense sobre a população de Anocentor nitens em eqüinos. Os tratamentos carrapaticidas foram realizados a cada sete dias e divididos em dois módulos, o primeiro com início em abril de 2004 (oito tratamentos) e o segundo com início em julho do mesmo ano (cinco tratamentos), utilizando-se a base química piretróide - cipermetrina na concentração de 0,015%. Avaliou-se mensalmente a carga parasitária de A. nitens no pavilhão auricular e divertículo nasal dos eqüinos antes (outubro de 2003 a março de 2004) e depois (outubro de 2004 a março de 2005) do controle estratégico com banhos carrapaticidas. Utilizaram-se escores de 0 a 3 para classificar os níveis de infestação. Entretanto, não houve redução significativa da carga parasitária de A. nitens no pavilhão auricular e no divertículo nasal dos eqüinos, possivelmente, devido a não aplicação sistemática de carrapaticida no divertículo nasal, pois, esta estrutura anatômica é um importante sítio de infestação por A. nitens em eqüinos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Amblyomma cajennense strategic control program on the Anocentor nitens population. The acaricide treatments were carried out every seven days and divided in two series, the first one beginning in April 2004 (eight treatments) and the second beginning in July of the same year (five treatments), using pyrethroid chemical base - cypermethrin in the concentration of 0,015%. Monthly it was evaluated the infestation of A. nitens in the ear and nasal diverticulum of the equines before (October 2003 to March 2004) and after (October of 2004 to March of 2005) the strategic program of acaricide treatments. It was used score of 0 to 3 to classify the infestation levels. It did not have any significant reduction of the parasitic load of A. nitens in the ear and nasal diverticulum of the equines. Possibly, due to absence of acaricide in the nasal diverticulum. Therefore, this anatomical structure it is an important place of infestation by A. nitens in equines.

Objetivou-se verificar a eficiência de um programa de controle estratégico de Amblyomma cajennense em eqüinos sob condições de campo. Os tratamentos carrapaticidas foram realizados a cada sete dias e divididos em dois módulos: o primeiro com início em abril e término em maio de 2004 (oito banhos) e o segundo com início e término em julho de 2004 (cinco banhos), visando atingir as larvas e ninfas do carrapato. Empregou-se a base química piretróide - cipermetrina 0,015%, para banhar os eqüinos. Após o programa de controle houve uma redução de 44,85% da carga parasitária de adultos do carrapato no período de outubro de 2004 a março 2005, e de 59,74%, em fevereiro e março de 2005. Os resultados demonstraram a efetividade do controle estratégico. No entanto, consideram-se importantes fatores operacionais e de gerenciamento que podem interferir na aplicação prática desta tecnologia.

The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of a strategic control program of Amblyomma cajennense in horses under field conditions. Acaricide treatments were applied at seven days intervals and divided in two series, the first one beginning in April 2004 (eight treatments), and the second one beginning in July 2004 (five treatments), aiming to control larvae and nymphs of the tick. A pyrethroid chemical base cypermethrin 0.015% was used for spraying the horses. There was a reduction of 44.85% in the adults infestetion of the tick in the period of October 2004 to March 2005, and 59.74%, in February and March 2005. Results showed the effectiveness of the strategic control. Important administrative and operational procedures can interfere with the practical application of this technology, and should be considered.

Some reproductive parameters of adult stages of Amblyomma cajennense ticks were studied. The capacity of virgin females to reproduce by parthenogenesis was evaluated, during an experimental infestation, in absence of males, on a horse (Equus cabalus). Ticks were spread either completely free or in limited sites on the body of the animal. The engorged virgin females showed longer feeding periods and lighter body weights than those that had been fertilized. Some of these unmated females produced smaller egg masses, which had no embryonary development. On the other hand, females that had been inseminated produced larger egg masses, with normal embryonary development that led to viable larvae. Under the studied conditions, A. cajennense females did not reproduce by parthenogenesis.

As proporções dos confôrmeros axial-equatorial do N,N-dimetilcarbamato de cicloexila foram determinadas, pela primeira vez, pelo método de Eliel, pela ressonância magnética nuclear dinâmica(rmnd) de ¹H e de 13C e foram comparados com resultados obtidos através de cálculos teóricos. Pelo método de Eliel foram utilizados pelo menos cinco parâmetros experimentais independentes, em CCl4, CDCl3 e CD3CN. Os experimentos de ¹H e de 13C a baixas temperaturas foram realizados em CF2Br2/CD2Cl2. Os métodos semiempíricos MNDO, AM1 e PM3 e cálculos ab initio de orbital molecular nos níveis HF/STO-3G e HF/6-31G(d,p) também foram utilizados. Tanto os métodos que utilizaram a RMN como os cálculos teóricos corretamente indicaram a preferência do confôrmero equatorial em relação ao axial e os valores obtidos pelos diferentes métodos demonstraram boa concordância.

Axial-equatorial conformational proportions for cyclohexyl-N,N-dimethyl carbamate have been measured, for the first time, by the Eliel method, ¹H and 13C dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR). The results were compared against those determined by theoretical calculations. By the Eliel method at least five experimentally independent measureables were used in CCl4, CDCl3 and CD3CN. The ¹H and 13C low temperature experiments were performed in CF2Br2/CD2Cl2 . Semiempirical methods MNDO, AM1 and PM3 and ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the HF/STO-3G and HF/6-31G(d,p) levels have been performed on the axial and equatorial conformers populations. All applied methods correctly predict the equatorial conformer preference over the axial one. The resulting equatorial preferences determined by NMR data and theoretical calculations are in good agreement.